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Following the fall of , the convened in 1814 founded the German Confederation Deutscher Bund , a loose league of. One of the most successful German movie series of the 1970s included the called Schoolgirl Report. Cdate is for people seeking short term sexual relationships.
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It borders to the north, and the to the east, and to the south, to the southwest, andand the to the west. Germany includes 16covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres 137,988 sq miand has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With nearly 83 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous state of afterthe most populous state lying entirely in Europe, as well as the most populous of the. Germany is a very country. Its and metropolis iswhile serves as its financial capital and has the country's busiest. C date deutschland largest urban area is thewith its main centres of and. The country's other major cities are,,and. Various have inhabited c date deutschland northern parts of modern Germany since. During thethe Germanic tribes expanded southward. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the. During the 16th century, became the centre of the. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the was formed in 1815. The resulted in the establishing major democratic rights. In 1871, Germany became a nation state when into the -dominated. After and thethe Empire was replaced by the parliamentary. The in 1933 led to the establishment c date deutschlandthe annexation of, and the. After the and a period ofAustria was re-established as an independent country and two new German states were founded:formed from the American, British, and French occupation zones, andformed from the. Following the that ended communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, the country on. Today, the of Germany is a led by a. It is a with ; it has the world'sand the. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the world's and of goods. A with ait upholds a and system,and a. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the in 1957 and the in 1993. It is part of the and became a co-founder of the in 1999. Germany is a member of the, thetheand the. Known for its rich history, Germany has been continuously the home of influential and successful,. Germany has a large number of and is among the top in the world. Further information: The English word Germany derives from the Latinwhich came into use after adopted it for the peoples east of the. The oldest complete found anywhere in the world were discovered in a coal mine in where three 380,000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed. The was the location where the first ever non-modern human fossil was discovered; the new species of human was called the. The fossils are known to be 40,000 years old. Evidence of modern humans, similarly dated, has been found in caves in the near Ulm. The finds included 42,000-year-old bird bone and mammoth ivory flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found, the 40,000-year-old Ice Age which is the oldest uncontested figurative art ever discovered, and the 35,000-year-old which is the oldest uncontested human figurative art ever discovered. The is a artefact created during the attributed to a site near. It is part of 's. Underbegan to invade Germania an area extending roughly from the Rhine to the. However, southernsouthern and the western had been into :,and. Frankish Realm and its expansion. As it was partitioned in 843, blue and red became predecessors of and Germany, respectively In the 3rd century a number of large West Germanic tribes emerged:,, and. Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands. After the invasion of the in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest. Simultaneously several large tribes formed in what is now Germany and displaced or absorbed smaller Germanic tribes. Large areas known since the period as, and were conquered by the Franks who established theand pushed farther east to subjugate and. Areas of what is today the eastern part of Germany were inhabited by tribes ofand the. Main articles: and In 800, the Frankish king was crowned emperor and founded thewhich was later among his heirs. Following the break up of the Frankish Realm, for 900 years, the history of Germany was intertwined with the history of thewhich subsequently emerged from the eastern portion of Charlemagne's original empire. The territory initially known as stretched from the Rhine in the west to the River in the east and from the to the. The rulers 919—1024 consolidated several major and the German king was crowned of c date deutschland regions in 962. In 996 became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousinwhom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and under the reign of the emperors 1024—1125although the emperors lost power through the. In the 12th century, under the emperors 1138—1254German princes increased their influence further south and east into territories inhabited by ; they encouraged in these areas, called the eastern settlement movement. Members of thewhich included mostly north German cities and towns, prospered in the expansion of trade. In the south, the Greater Ravensburg Trade Corporation Große Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft served a similar function. The edict of the issued in 1356 by Emperor provided the basic constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven who ruled some of the most powerful principalities and archbishoprics. Population declined in the first half of the 14th century, starting with the in 1315, followed by the of 1348—50. Despite the decline, however, German artists, engineers, and scientists developed a wide array of techniques similar to those used by the Italian artists and designers of the time who flourished in such merchant asand. Artistic and cultural centres throughout the German states produced such artists as the Augsburg painters and hisand. The in 1648, after thewhich ended the In 1517, the monk publicisedchallenging the and initiating the. In 1555, the established as an acceptable alternative to Catholicism, but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects, a principle called. The agreement at Augsburg failed to address other religious creed: for example, the was still considered a and the principle did not address the possible conversion of an ecclesiastic ruler, such as happened in in 1583. From the until the end of the 1618—1648religious conflict devastated German lands. The latter reduced the overall population of the German states by about 30 per cent, and in some places, up to 80 per cent. The ended religious warfare among the of the. Their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose either Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion after 1648. In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800. The elaborate legal system initiated by a series of approximately 1450—1555 created the Imperial Estates and provided for considerable local autonomy among ecclesiastical, secular, and hereditary states, reflected in the. The held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of in 1740. Having no male heirs, he had convinced the to retain Habsburg hegemony in the office of the emperor by agreeing to the of 1713. From 1740, the between the Austrian and the dominated the German history. In 1772, then again in 1793 and 1795, the two dominant German states of Prussia and Austria, along with theagreed to the ; dividing among themselves the lands of the. As a result of the partitions, millions of Polish speaking inhabitants fell under the rule of the two German monarchies. However, the annexed territories though incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Realm, were not legally considered as a part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the period of thealong with the arrival of the and the subsequentmost of the secular were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved; many German states, particularly thefell under the influence of France. Until 1815, France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs Austria competed for hegemony in the German states during the. A map showing the 1815—1836 with its 39 member states. Following the fall ofthe convened in c date deutschland founded the German Confederation Deutscher Bunda loose league of. The appointment of the as the permanent president of the Confederation reflected the Congress's failure to accept Prussia's rising influence among the German states, and acerbated the long-standing competition between the Hohenzollern and Habsburg interests. Disagreement within politics partly led to the rise of movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman. Thea tariff union, furthered economic unity in the German states. The in May 1832 was a main event in support offreedom and democracy. In the light of awhich established a republicintellectuals and commoners started the. King was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, leading to a temporary setback for the movement. Foundation of the in1871. King appointed as the new in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded in 1864, which promoted German over Danish interests in the Jutland peninsula. The subsequent and decisive Prussian victory in the of 1866 enabled him to create the Norddeutscher Bund which excluded from the federation's affairs. After the French defeat in thethe German princes proclaimed the founding of the in 1871 atuniting all the scattered parts of Germany except Austria and the German-speaking parts of Switzerland. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its concurrent Emperor, and Berlin became its capital. In the period following theBismarck's foreign c date deutschland as under Emperor William I secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating by diplomatic means, and avoiding war. UnderGermany, like other European powers, took an course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had previously been involved were not renewed. This resulted in the creation of a with the ofpromoting at least if not outright military support. Similarly, Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances that would protect them against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France. The 1871—1918with the in blue At the in 1884, Germany claimed several including,and. Later, Germany further expanded its to includeand in the Pacific, and in China. In total, around 100,000 people—80% of the and 50% of the —perished from imprisonment inwhere the majority died of disease, abuse, and exhaustion, or from dehydration and starvation in the countryside after being deprived of food and water. The of on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for the Austrian Empire to attack Serbia and trigger. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. Germany's new political leadership signed the in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of theaccepted defeat by the in conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians as influential in the rise of. After the defeat in the First World War, Germany lost around 13% of its European territory areas predominantly inhabited by ethnic Polish, French and Danish populations, which were lost following thethe and theand all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the South Sea. Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany proclaims the from c date deutschland window, on 9 November 1918. Germany was declared a at the beginning of the in November 1918, with 18 in 1925. On 11 August 1919 signed the democratic. In the subsequent struggle for power, the radical-leftbut conservative elements in other parts of Germany attempted to overthrow c date deutschland Republic in the. It was supported by parts of the military and other conservative, nationalistic and monarchist factions. After a tumultuous period of bloody street fighting in the major industrial centres, the by Belgian and French c date deutschland and the rise of inflation culminating in thea and the creation of a in 1924 ushered in thean era of increasing artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. After theChancellor 's government was enabled by to without parliamentary approval. Brüning's government pursued a and which caused high unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933. After thea abrogated basic and within weeks the first at opened. The gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power; subsequently, c date deutschland government established a centralisedfollowing a national referendum, and began military rearmament. In public work projects of 1934, 1. The most famous of the projects was the high speed roadway, the Reichsautobahn, known as the. Other capital construction projects included facilities such as thewater supplies such asand transportation hubs such as. Over the next five years, unemployment plummeted and average wages both per hour and per week rose. In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the which targeted and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of the in 1935, in 1936, Austria in 1938, the Sudetenland in 1938 with the and in direct violation of the agreement with the proclamation of the in March 1939. Many Jewish women were arrested and placed in jails and a curfew was placed on the Jewish people in Germany. In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated and signed the that divided Eastern Europe into German and spheres of influence. Following the agreement, on 1 September 1939, Germany c date deutschland, marking the beginning of in Europe. In the spring of 1940, Germany, and forcing the French government to sign an armistice after German troops occupied most of the country. The British repelled German air attacks in the in the same year. In 1941, German troopsand. By 1942, Germany and other controlled most of andbut following the Soviet Union's victory at thethe allies' and in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In June 1944, the Western allies and the Soviets. By late 1944, the Western allies had entered Germany despite one final German. In what later became known asthe German government persecuted minorities and used a network of and camps across Europe c date deutschland conduct a of what they considered to be inferior peoples. In total, over 10 million civilians were systematically murdered, including 6 millionbetween 220,000 and 1,500,000275,000thousands ofthousands ofand hundreds of thousands of from Germany, and occupied countries. Nazi policies in the German occupied countries resulted in the deaths of 2. In addition, the Nazi regime abducted approximately 12 million people from across the for use as. German military have been estimated at 5. Around from across Eastern Europe. Germany lost roughly of its. East and C date deutschland Germany in Germany, and the French controlled1947. Territories east of the transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union under the terms of the. After surrendered, the partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four military occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the Deutsche Demokratische Republik. They were informally known as and. East Germany selected East as its capital, while West Germany chose as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was an artificial and temporary status quo. Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the and used this to rebuild its industry. The Federal Republic of Germany joined in 1955 and was a founding member of the in 1957. The during in 1989, with the in the background. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members of the communist-controlledsupported by thean immense secret service controlling many aspects of the society. Therapidly built on 13 August 1961 prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, eventually becoming a symbol of the. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of thetheand. Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the early 1970s by Chancellor 's. In summer 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the and open the borders, causing the emigration of thousands of to West Germany via Hungary. The East German authorities eased the border restrictions, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West; originally intended to help retain East Germany as a state, the opening of the border actually led c date deutschland an acceleration of the Wende reform process. This culminated in the a year later on 12 September 1990, under which the four occupying powers renounced their rights under theand Germany regained full sovereignty. Reunified Germany and the European Union was established on 3 October 1990. Since 1999, the in Berlin has been the meeting place of thethe German parliament. The united Germany is considered to be the enlarged continuation of the Federal Republic of Germany and not a. As such, it retained all of West Germany's memberships in international organisations. Based on theadopted in 1994, Berlin once again became the capital of the reunified Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a Bundesstadt federal city retaining some federal ministries. The relocation of the government was completed in 1999. Following thepolitician became the first Chancellor of a with the party. Among the major projects of the two Schröder legislatures was the to reform the labour market to become more flexible and reduce unemployment. Germany became a co-founder of the 1993introduced the currency 2002and signed the in 2007 pictured. Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the. Together with its European partners Germany signed the in 1992, established the in 1999, and signed the in 2007. These deployments were controversial since Germany is bound by domestic law only to deploy troops for defence roles. In thebecame the first female chancellor of Germany as the leader of a. In 2009, a - assumed leadership of the country. In 2013, a grand coalition was established in a. The country took in over a million refugees and migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its federal states based on their tax income and existing population density. Geography Physical map of Germany Germany is in andwith bordering to the north, and the to the east, to the southeast, to the south-southwest, France, and Belgium lie to the west, and the to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes and and longitudes and. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. With Switzerland and Austria, Germany also shares a border on the fresh-waterthe third largest lake in Central Europe. German territory covers 357,021 km c date deutschland 137,847 sq miconsisting of 349,223 km 2 134,836 sq mi of land and 7,798 km 2 3,011 sq mi of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the highest point: the at 2,962 metres or 9,718 feet in the south to the shores of the Nordsee in the northwest and the Ostsee in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany lowest point: at 3. Germany's alpine glaciers are experiencing deglaciation. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal,timber, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, and water. Climate Rhine valley in summer at. Most of Germany has a seasonal climate dominated by humid westerly winds. The country is situated in between the Western European and the Eastern European climate. The climate is moderated by thethe northern extension of the. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the North Sea; consequently in the northwest and the north the climate is oceanic. Germany gets an average of 789 mm 31 in of per year; there is no consistent dry season. Winters are cool and summers tend to be warm: temperatures can exceed 30 86. The east has a more continental climate: winters can be very cold and summers very warm, and longer dry periods can occur. Central and southern Germany are transition regions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. In addition to the maritime and continental climates that predominate over most of the country, the Alpine regions c date deutschland the extreme south and, to c date deutschland lesser degree, some areas of the Central German Uplands have a mountain climate, with lower temperatures and more precipitation. Though the German climate is rarely extreme, there are occasional spikes of cold or heat. Winter temperatures can sometimes drop to two-digit negative temperatures for a few days in a row. Conversely, summer can c date deutschland periods of very high temperatures for a week or two. The recorded extremes are a maximum of 40. The territory of Germany can be subdivided into two : and Northeast-Atlantic shelf marine. As of 2008 the majority of Germany is covered by either 34% or and 30. Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. There are many species ofc date deutschland,and. Wild animals include, a subspecies of wild sheep, and small numbers of the. The was c date deutschland a German. The 16 include thethethethethethethethethe and the. In addition, there are 15as well as 98. More than operate in Germany, which is believed to be the largest number in any country. Theopened in 1844, is the oldest zoo in Germany, and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world. Main articles:, and since 2017 since 2005 Germany is a, republic. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the Basic Law. Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the are valid in perpetuity. The19 March 2017—presentis the and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the federal conventionan institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the is the Bundestagspräsidentwho is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the is the Chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the Bundestag. The political system of Germany The chancellor, 22 November 2005—presentis the head of government and exercises through theirsimilar to the role of a in other parliamentary democracies. Federal is vested in the parliament consisting of the Federal Diet and Federal Councilwhich together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected throughby. The members of the Bundesrat represent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets. Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the and the. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal c date deutschland parliament from 1949 to 2013 and the in parliament since 1983 have also played important roles. Since 2005, the left-wing populist partyformed through the merger of two former parties, has been a staple in the German Bundestag though they have never been part of the federal government. In thethe right-wing populist gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time. The c date deutschland Germany had its peak in 2010 when it stood at 80. Judges of c date deutschland Bundesverfassungsgericht Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe in 1989 Germany has a based on with some references to. The Federal Constitutional Court is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of. Germany's supreme court system, called Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes, is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is theand for other affairs the courts are thethethe and the. Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the and the respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public. Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and seriousall charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which sit side by side with professional judges. Many of the fundamental matters of remain in the jurisdiction of the states. Germany has a low murder rate with 0. Constituent states Main article: Germany comprises sixteen federal states which are collectively referred to as Bundesländer. Each state has its own state constitution and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Two of the states are consisting of just one city: and. The state of consists of two cities that are separated from each other by the state of : and. Because of the differences in size and population the vary. For regional administrative purposes four states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, consist of a total of 19 Regierungsbezirke. As of 2017 Germany is divided into 401 Kreise at a municipal level; these consist of 294 and 107. Germany is a member ofthethethethe and the. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus. The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community. It was the world's third biggest aid donor in 2009 after the United States and France. The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies. Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in. Military The is part of the fleet Germany's military, the Bundeswehr, is organised into Army and special forcesNavyAir Forceand Joint Support Service branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world. As of 2017 the Bundeswehr employed roughly 178,000 service members, including about 9,000 volunteers. Reservists are available to the Armed Forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad. Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction. About 19,000 female soldiers are on active duty. According toGermany was the fifth largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2012—2016. A Mecklenburg-Vorpommern In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence. Inthe Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the Bundeswehr. The role of the Bundeswehr is described in the as defensive only. Until 2011, was compulsory for men at age 18, and conscripts served six-month tours of duty; could instead opt for an equal length of civilian serviceor a six-year commitment to voluntary emergency services like a or the. In 2011 conscription was officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service. Germany maintains a largeand is the world's third largest of goods. The unemployment rate published by amounts to 4. According to the Germany has one of the highest levels in the world. Germany is part of the which represents more than 508 million consumers. Germany introduced the common European currency, the in 2002. It is a member of the Eurozone which represents around 340 million citizens. Its monetary policy is set by thewhich is headquartered inthe financial centre of continental Europe. Being home to thethe is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world, and is. The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics. Companies Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2014, the28 are headquartered in Germany. Well-known international brands include,,,and. Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialisedknown as the model. More than 1,000 of these companies are global market leaders in their segment and are labelled. Berlin developed a thriving, cosmopolitan for and became the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union. The list includes the largest German companies by revenue in 2015: Germany is part of a monetary union, the dark blueand of the. Rank Name Headquarters Revenue bil. Like c date deutschland neighbours in Western Europe, Germany's road network is among the densest in the world. The motorway network ranks as the third-largest worldwide in length and is known for its lack of a general speed limit. Germany has established a polycentric network of. The largest German airports are andboth hubs of. Other major airports include, and. The is one of the top twenty. Energy and infrastructure Electricity production in Germany from 1980 to 2012 In 2008Germany was the world's sixth-largest consumer of energy, and 60% of its primary energy was imported. In 2014, energy sources were: oil 35. The government and the agreed to phase out all by 2021. It also enforces, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% by 2020. Germany is committed to the and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards,and the. The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%. The Energiewende is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy. Science and technologyphysicist. The has been awarded to. Germany is a global leader in science and technology as its achievements in the fields of science and technology have been significant. The has been awarded to. It produces the second highest number of graduates in science and engineering 31% after. In the beginning of the 20th century, German laureates had more awards than those of any other nation, especially in the sciences, and. Notable German physicists before the 20th century includeandamong others. Along withhe was instrumental in the introduction ofin which and later made major contributions. Numerous were born in Germany, including,, and. Such German inventors, engineers and industrialists as Count, and helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology. Research institutions in Germany include thethethe and the. The in hosts a facility in the research of for instance. The is granted to ten scientists and academics every year. Tourism in Bavaria Germany is the seventh most visited country in the world, with a total of 407 million overnights c date deutschland 2012. Additionally, more than 30% of Germans spend c date deutschland holiday in their own country, with the biggest share going to. Including indirect and induced impacts, the c date deutschland contributes 4. Germany is well known for its diverse tourist routes, such as thethetheand the. The Deutsche Fachwerkstraße connects towns with examples of these structures. Germany's most-visited landmarks include e. The near is Europe's second most popular theme park resort. Demographics German population development from 1800 to 2010 With a population of 80. Its stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre 588 per square mile. The overall at birth is 80. Since the 1970s, Germany's has exceeded its. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of well-educated c date deutschland. Immigrant population Proportion of Germans without a migrant background 2016 After theGermany is the second most popular in the world. As of 2016about ten million of Germany's 82 million residents did not have German citizenship, which makes up 12% of the country's population. The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in areas. Germany is home to the. The classifies the citizens by immigrant background. Regarding the immigrant background, 22. In 2015, 36% of children under 5 were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent. In 2011 census, as people with immigrant background Personen mit Migrationshintergrund were counted all immigrants, including ethnic Germans that came to the federal republic or had at least one parent settling here after 1955. The largest part of people with immigrant background is made up of returning ethnic Germans andfollowed by Turkish, European Union, and former Yugoslav citizens. Many companies preferred to keep these workers employed in Germany after they had trained them and Germany's immigrant population has steadily increased. In 2015, the Population Division of the listed Germany as host to theabout 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants. Germany ranks and 37th globally in terms of the percentage of migrants who made up c date deutschland of the country's population. As of 2014the largest national group was from Turkey 2,859,000followed by Poland 1,617,000Russia 1,188,000and Italy 764,000. Since 1987, around 3 million ethnic Germans, mostly from the former countries, have exercised their and emigrated to Germany. Religion Main article: Upon its establishment in 1871, Germany was about two-thirds and one-thirdwith a notable minority. Other faiths existed in the state, but never achieved a demographic significance and cultural impact of these three confessions. Germany lost nearly all of its Jewish minority during the. Religious makeup changed gradually in the decades following 1945, with West Germany becoming more religiously diversified through c date deutschland East Germany becoming overwhelmingly irreligious through. It continues to diversify after the German reunification in 1990, with an accompanying substantial decline in religiosity throughout all of Germany and a contrasting increase of and. Geographically, Protestantism is concentrated in the northern, central and eastern parts of the country. Roman Catholicism is concentrated in the south and west. According to theis the largest religion in Germany, claiming 66. Relative to the whole population, 31. Other religions accounted for 2. According to the most recent data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed respectively 28. Both large churches have lost significant numbers of adherents in recent years. In 2011, 33% of Germans were not members of officially recognised religious associations with special status. An 2017 estimate even shows that 37,0 % of the German population were nonconfessional. In the 2011 census, 1. Figures from Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst suggest a figure of 4. A study conducted by the found that between 2011 and 2015 the Muslim population rose by 1. Most of the Muslims are and from Turkey, but there are a small number ofand other denominations. Other religions comprising less than one per cent of Germany's population are with 270,000 adherents, with 200,000 adherents, and with some 100,000 adherents. All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 adherents each. Languages Thea German language academy, in São Paulo, Brazil is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the c date deutschland, and theto an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English known as. German is written using the Latin alphabet. It is one of 24 official and working c date deutschland of the European Union, and one of the three of the. German is the most c date deutschland spoken first language in thewith around 100 million native speakers. Recognised native minority languages in Germany are,and ; they are officially protected by the. The most used immigrant languages are,theand. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two. The is a non-profit German cultural association operational worldwide with 159 institutes. It is offering the study of the German language and encouraging global cultural exchange. Education Main article: Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual. Optional education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the enrols c date deutschland most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the for intermediate students lasts six years and the prepares pupils for vocational education. The unifies all secondary education. A system of apprenticeship called leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school. This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world. Most of the are public c date deutschland, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the. However, there are a number of exceptions, depending on the state, the college and the subject. Tuition free academic education is open to international students and is increasingly common. Germany has a long tradition of higher education. The established include some of thewith established in 1386 being the oldest. It is followed by the 1409the 1419 and the 1456. Thefounded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformerbecame the academic model for many European and Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven :thethe, the,c date deutschland, the, and the. Health The Hospice of the Holy Spirit inestablished in 1286, is a precursor to modern hospitals. Germany's system of hospices, called Krankenhaus, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest system, dating from of the 1880s, Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. Currently the population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to theGermany's was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2013. In 2014, Germany spent 11. Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy withand it had a very low 4 per 1,000. In 2010the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%. In 2008about 82,000 Germans had been infected with and 26,000 had died from the disease cumulatively, since 1982. According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers. A 2007 study shows Germany has the highest number of overweight people in Europe. Culture A typical German Weihnachtsmarkt in Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and. Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as andwhich include,cakes, and other practices. There are a number of determined by each state; 3 October has been a of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit. Prior to reunification, the day was celebrated on 17 June, in honour of the which was brutally suppressed on that date. In the 21st century has emerged as a major international creative centre. A global opinion poll for the revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014. Music German includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. During his tenure as violinist and teacher at the Salzburg cathedral, Augsburg-born composer mentored one of the most noted musicians of all time:. Germany is the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world. German gained global influence, with and pioneering in this genre. Such German sculptors as, and made important contributions to German art history in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century, such as the or The Bridge and The Blue Riderby the Russian-borninfluenced the development of in Munich and Berlin. The arose as a counter-style to it during the. Especially notable neo-expressionists include,and. Other notable artists who work with traditional media or figurative imagery include,and. Leading German conceptual artists include or included,,and photography. Major art exhibitions and festivals in Germany are thetheand. Architecture on Architectural contributions from Germany include the andwhich were precursors of. Also in and art, regional and typically German elements evolved e. Among many renowned Baroque masters were, and the. The exerted a decisive influence on, and at times even dominated, the art of stucco in southern Germany in the 18th c date deutschland. The offers a baroque-themed tourist route that highlights the contributions of such artists and craftsmen as the sculptor and plastererone of the foremost members of the family and the brothers and. Regional historicist styles include theStyle and Dresden's - School. Among the most famous of German buildings, the represents. Notable sub-styles that evolved since the 18th century are the and architecture. German artists, writers and gallerists likeand also contributed to the development of at the turn of the 20th century, known as Jugendstil in German. Germany was particularly important in the early c date deutschland it is the home of initiated byand of the movement founded by. Consequently, C date deutschland is often considered the cradle of modern architecture and design. He conceived of the glass façade. Renowned contemporary and offices include,,and the last two being winners. Literature and philosophy The collected and published popular German. German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as and. Well-known German authors include, and. The collections of folk tales published by the popularised on an international level. The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; theirc date deutschland German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854. Influential authors of the 20th century include,and. The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States and China. The is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years. The also retains a major position in Europe. German philosophy is historically significant: 's contributions to ; the philosophy by ; the establishment of classical byand ; 's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of by and ; 's development c date deutschland ; 's contributions to the dawn of ; 's works on Being; 's historical philosophy; the development of the by, and have been particularly influential. The largest internationally operating companies in Germany are the enterprise, and. There are more than 500 public and privatewith the public being the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages. Germany's national radio network is the while stations are covering local services. Many of Europe's best-selling and are produced in Germany. The papers and internet portals with the highest circulation are a,andthe largest magazines includeand. The is one of the largest in the world. The in Cologne is the world's leading gaming convention. Popular game series from Germany includethe, the, theand. Relevant game developers and publishers are,, and some of the largest companies like, and. Cinema Main article: has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned in was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world today it is Europe's second largest studio after in. Other early and still active studios include and. Early German cinema was particularly influential with such as and. Director 's 1927 is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. In 1930 directedthe first major Germanwith. Films of set new artistic standards, in particular. Such films included 's The Murderers are among us, 1946 and Somewhere in Berlin, 1946 by. The state-owned East German film studio produced notable films including Marriage in the Shadows by 19471951 ; The Story of Little Muck, 1953's Divided C date deutschland 1964 and 's 1975. Characteristic for the films of the 1960s were genre films including and adaptations. One of the most successful German movie series of the 1970s included the called Schoolgirl Report. During the 1970s and 1980s, directors such as,and brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim. c date deutschland Among the box office hits, there were films such as 1970The Boat, 19811984198519982001the series 2002—20162003200420092010and 2012. The annual ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the. Cuisineone of the most popular foods in Germany is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 different types of pastries and rolls Brötchen. German account for about a third of all cheese produced in Europe. In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including and. In 2012, accounted for 3. Although is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, especially close tothe national alcoholic drink is. The 2015 awarded eleven restaurants in Germanythe highest designation, while 38 more received two stars and 233 one star. German restaurants have become the world's second-most decorated after France. Sports The after winning the for the fourth time c date deutschland 2014. Twenty-seven million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue sports individually. The won the in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the in 2017. Other popular spectator sports include,,and. Germany is one of the leading countries in the world. Constructors like and are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. The driver has set many motor sport records during his career, having won sevenmore than any other. He is one of the highest paid sportsmen in history. Also won the Formula One World Championship. Historically, have been successful contenders in theranking third in an when combining East and West German medals. Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936 the Berlin and the in. In it hosted the Summer Games of. Fashion and designGerman German designers became early leaders of modernwith the designers likeand of being essential pioneers. Germany is a leading country in the. The German textile industry consisted of about 1,300 companies with more than 130,000 employees in 2010, which generated a revenue of 28 billion Euro. Almost 44 per cent of the products are exported. The and the fashion trade fair are held twice a year. Munich, Hamburg, Cologne and Düsseldorf are also important design, production and trade hubs of the domestic fashion industry, among smaller towns. Renowned fashion designers from Germany include,and. Important brands include, and. The German,and, have come to international fame. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem. There were also unions in other smaller German states happening independent of each other. The tax rate is eight percent of income tax and certain other taxes in Bavaria and nine percent in other states; in most cases the tax is collected by the state and in other cases data on church members' income is shared. Most people who leave the church do so in order to avoid paying these taxes. Nach Herstellung der staatlichen Einheit Deutschlands bestimmte Bundespräsident von Weizsäcker in einem Briefwechsel mit Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl im Jahr 1991 die dritte Strophe zur Nationalhymne für das deutsche Volk. Statistisches Bundesamt Destatis2017. Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch in German 6th ed. The Latin name Sacrum Romanum Imperium Holy Roman Empire was first documented in 1254. A; Krbetschek, M; Degering, D; Bahain, J. Archived from on 1 January 2015. Archived from on 15 February 2015. Unesco memory of the World. A Concise History of Germany. The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay. The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B. The crisis of empire, A. The Roman Empire and its Germanic Peoples. Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. The printing press as an agent of change. The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap. Reich and Nation, The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763—1806. A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change. Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe. Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. The Guardian News and Media Limited. c date deutschland Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years. Publications of the German Historical Institute. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Germany since 1815: A Nation Forged and Renewed. New York: Penguin, 2003, p. Archived from on 10 May 2000. The Third Reich in Power. The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War. Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung in Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg: mit einem Überblick über die Entwicklung von 1945 bis 1990 in German. Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Europe-Asia Studies 46 4 : 671—680. Forced Labour under Third Reich. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Capital dilemma: Germany's search for a new architecture of democracy. In Crafts, Nicholas; Toniolo, Gianni. Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945. Unification Treaty signed by the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic in Berlin on 31 August 1990 official text, in German. Bundesministerium für Justiz und Verbraucherschutz. Council of the European Union. After signature by all 27 Heads of State and governments, the Treaty will travel back to Brussels, where it will be officially sealed with the seals of the 27 Member States, on the 18th of December. Then, it will be sent to Rome, the Italian government being the depository of the Treaties. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from on 13 May 2011. Archived from on 1 January 2015. The Cornflower was once the floral emblem of Germany hence the German common name Kaiserblume. Zoos and Aquariums of America. Archived from on 7 October 2003. Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung. Archived from on 13 March 2016. Archived from on 17 January 2013. Archived from on 6 July 2017. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. Archived from on 23 June 2011. Archived from on 27 March 2014. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from on 1 May 2012. Archived from on 5 July 2015. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from on 11 May 2012. The World Bank: World Development Indicators database. The World Bank: World Development Indicators database. Archived from on 30 April 2011. Archived from on 1 January 2015. Archived from on 9 August 2007. Archived from on 18 May 2015. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Federal Ministry of Education and Research. The New Penguin History of the World. Archived from on 1 May 2011. Archived from on 21 June 2008. Schrammel-Schäl, Karl Kessler, Paul-Georg Custodis, Kreisverwaltung des Westerwaldkreises in Montabaur. Fachwerk im Westerwald: Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald, Hachenburg, Ausstellung vom 11. Die Fachwerkhäuser der Stadt Braunschweig: ein kunst und kulturhistorisches Bild. Archived from on 17 March 2015. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Archived from on 15 March 2016. Zensus 2011 — Page 6. Beim Zensus 2011 haben sich relativ wenige Menschen zu einer der Weltreligionen Judentum, Islam, Buddhismus und Hinduismus bekannt. Die Werte gehen von 0,1 % Hinduismus bis 1,9 % Islam. Es ist jedoch davon auszugehen, dass gerade die Anhänger dieser Religionen überproportional häufig von der Möglichkeit Gebrauch gemacht haben, auf die Beantwortung der Frage zur Religionszugehörigkeit zu verzichten. Das bedeutet bedauerlicherweise auch, dass der Zensus 2011 keine verlässlichen Ergebnisse zu diesen Religionen in Deutschland bereitstellen kann. Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland in German. Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Archived from on 24 July 2011. Archived from on 22 August 2008. European Observatory on Health Care Systems. This article may incorporate text from this source, which is in the public domain. Recording Industry Association of Japan. Journal of Popular Music Studies. Animals in Bronze: Reference and Price Guide. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England: Antique Collectors' Club Ltd. Torbögen und Inschriften lippischer Fachwerkhäuser in Volume 7 of Heimatland Lippe. Fachwerkhäuser in Deutschland: Konstruktion, Gestalt und Nutzung vom Mittelalter bis heute. Archived from on 22 February 2013. Western Folklore 38 2 : c date deutschland, pp. A History of the Frankfurt Book Fair. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. Archived from on 14 July 2006. Archived from on 10 February 2015. Film History: An Introduction 2nd ed. Leni Riefenstahl: The Seduction of Genius. International Federation of Film Producers Associations. Bio-Produkte machen lediglich 3,9 Prozent des gesamten Lebensmittelumsatzes in Deutschland aus 2012. Wines of Germany, Deutsches Weininstitut. Archived from on 14 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Germany Embassy in Washington, D. Archived from on 30 April 2011. Archived from on 21 July 2012.
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Zoos and Aquariums of America. In order to use fee-based Services, you will have to become a paying subscriber of these Services. Schrammel-Schäl, Karl Kessler, Paul-Georg Custodis, Kreisverwaltung des Westerwaldkreises in Montabaur. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed, a ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. Regional historicist styles include the , Style and Dresden's - School. Artistic and cultural centres throughout the German states produced such artists as the Augsburg painters and his , and. According to the , Germany's was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2013.
